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This is why it is best to avoid sharing needles with anyone.Ī woman can pass on HIV to a fetus during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. According to the CDC, HIV can live in a used needle for up to 42 days. This means that people who are taking HIV medications correctly and achieve and maintain an undetectable viral load have effectively no risk of transmitting HIV through sex.Ī person can contract HIV through using needles or syringes in which HIV is present. It is important to note that effective HIV treatment can reduce a person’s viral load to undetectable levels. Anal sex has a higher risk of HIV transmission than vaginal sex because the tissues that line the anus are more prone to damage and bleeding. HIV transmission during sex occurs when body fluids containing HIV come into direct contact with mucous membranes or damaged tissue. There have been cases of HIV transmission through oral sex but the risk of this extremely low. HIV transmission can occur during anal or vaginal sex without the use of a condom. Body fluids that contain HIV can include:īelow, we discuss the primary modes of HIV transmission: The only way a person can contract HIV is through direct contact with body fluids that contain HIV. However, the CDC also state that in extremely rare cases, a person can transmit HIV through “deep, open-mouth kissing if both partners have sores or bleeding gums and blood from the HIV-positive partner gets into the bloodstream of the HIV-negative partner.” According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), a person cannot transmit HIV through saliva or closed-mouth kissing. Kissing a person living with HIV will not put someone at risk of contracting HIV. This may explain why HIV is mostly present in body fluids other than saliva. Saliva contains much higher concentrations of SLPI than vaginal and rectal fluids. SLPI prevents HIV from infecting monocytes and T cells, which are types of white blood cell and part of the immune system. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) is an enzyme present in saliva, mucus, and seminal fluid. Saliva contains several proteins and enzymes that serve many different functions, such as beginning the digestion process, assisting in mouth lubrication, and even fighting off germs. The mouth also contains mucous membranes, but they do not contain cells that are vulnerable to HIV, such as those present in the vagina and rectum. HIV can enter the body through damaged areas in the mucous membranes lining the vagina and the rectum.
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Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1999 20(3):232-239.Can a person transmit HIV through kissing?Ī person cannot transmit HIV through saliva or kissing.Ī person cannot transmit HIV through kissing because the virus is not present in saliva. Human bites and the risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission. Estimating per-act HIV transmission risk: a systematic review. ^ HIV transmission through these exposure routes is technically possible but unlikely and not well documented.
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None of these factors are accounted for in the estimates presented in the table. Factors that may decrease the risk include condom use, male circumcision, antiretroviral treatment, and pre-exposure prophylaxis. * Factors that may increase the risk of HIV transmission include sexually transmitted diseases, acute and late-stage HIV infection, and high viral load. Throwing Body Fluids (Including Semen or Saliva) Estimated Per-Act Probability of Acquiring HIV from an Infected Source, by Exposure Act Type of Exposure